Yeni ba\u015flayan ve eksiksiz bir tekni\u011fe sahip olmayan patencilerde s\u0131k s\u0131k omurga ve s\u0131rt kaslar\u0131nda gev\u015feme, kollar\u0131 ve serbest aya\u011f\u0131 kontrol edememe gibi hatalara rastlanabilir. Bu tip hatalar hareketlerin y\u00f6nlendirilmesinde ve yerdeki izin s\u00fcreklili\u011finde bozukluklar yarat\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca pratikte bunlar\u0131n aksine, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gerginlik ve v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 serile\u015fmelere de rastlanabilir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn bu hatalar, buz ve paten aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeden do\u011fan zorlu\u011fun b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine, buzun kaz\u0131nmas\u0131na, enerji israf\u0131na yani hareketlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131 etkenlere ve olumsuzluklara yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
Serbest Kay\u0131\u015f:<\/strong><\/em> Serbest kay\u0131\u015f hareketlerinin patenciye \u00f6\u011fretilmesindeki temel sorun, hareketlerin patencinin v\u00fccuduna benimsetilmesinden ziyade; ki bu prensip olarak o kadar da zor de\u011fildir; kay\u0131\u015f esnas\u0131nda hareketlere hakim olabilme sanat\u0131n\u0131n patenciye benimsetilmesindeki zorluktur.<\/p>\n Bilindi\u011fi gibi serbest kay\u0131\u015f esnas\u0131ndaki ad\u0131mlar\u0131n kalitesi, yap\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kenarlar\u0131n temizli\u011fiyle ve yetkinli\u011fiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Paten \u00e7eli\u011fi y\u00fczeyindeki kay\u0131\u015f esnas\u0131nda destek alan\u0131 olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr, a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bas\u0131nc\u0131 azal\u0131r ki bu da s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvvetinin artmas\u0131na ve patenin buz \u00fczerindeki kay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Paten \u00e7eli\u011finin kenarlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kay\u0131\u015f tabi ki sadece kavisler esnas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, tek ayak \u00fczerinde kay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda kayan aya\u011f\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 otur-kalk hareketlerinin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla h\u0131z\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kavis derinli\u011fiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00c7iftler buz pateninin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen hareketleri i\u00e7in de yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan t\u00fcm prensipler ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Ancak beraber yap\u0131lan hareketlerde temel prensip \u00e7iftler aras\u0131ndaki ak\u0131c\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n Daire \u00dczerinde Kay\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Patencinin kavis \u00fczerindeki tek ayak kay\u0131\u015f pozisyonu hareketlerinin temelini olu\u015fturur ve h\u0131z, yer\u00e7ekimi ivmesi, kay\u0131\u015f dairesinin yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131, atalet kuvveti, patenin buza yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 kuvveti gibi niceliklerle nitelendirilir (Resim 1).<\/p>\n \u03c1<\/strong><\/em> yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 daire \u00fczerinde kayan ve V<\/strong><\/em> h\u0131z\u0131na sahip patencinin v\u00fccuduna, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kuvveti P<\/strong><\/em>, kar\u015f\u0131 hareket y\u00f6n\u00fcne istikametli s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvveti F<\/strong><\/em>; Ox<\/strong><\/em> eksenine paralel ve yava\u015flamaya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nelik te\u011fet atalet kuvveti JT<\/strong><\/em>, Oy<\/strong><\/em> eksenine paralel normal atalet kuvveti (merkezka\u00e7) Jn<\/strong><\/em>; patencinin buza yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nca e\u015fit ve eksenden yukar\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6nelik destek reaksiyonu N<\/strong><\/em> etki ederler.<\/p>\n \u015eekil \u00fczerindeki patencinin v\u00fccudu zOy<\/strong><\/em> koordinat d\u00fczlemi \u00fczerinde olup eksene (z ekseni) \u03b1<\/strong><\/em> a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla e\u011fiktir. l<\/strong><\/em> ise v\u00fccudun genel a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkeziyle destek noktas\u0131 (paten \u00e7eli\u011finin buzla birle\u015fti\u011fi nokta) O<\/strong><\/em> aras\u0131ndaki mesafedir.<\/p>\n Bu momentleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7leri dengeli bir \u015fekilde e\u015fitleyip birle\u015ftirerek analiz edersek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli pratik sonu\u00e7lar i\u00e7eren bir s\u0131ralama yapabilece\u011fimiz alt\u0131 adet denklem ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n V\u00fccudun uzun ekseninin buz y\u00fczeyine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fim kay\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nemli vas\u0131flar\u0131ndan biridir. Bu olay buz pateninin t\u00fcm hareket komplekslerinin kaliteli bir bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesindeki temel \u015fartlardan biri olan kenar kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bize a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n Form\u00fclde v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7memektedir. \u015eimdi buradan ilk sonucu \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz: Patencinin v\u00fccudunun uzun ekseninin e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, sadece yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n uzunlu\u011funa ve kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1. form\u00fclden di\u011fer bir sonuca daha varabiliriz: Uzun eksenin e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n karesiyle do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcr ve dairenin yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n uzamas\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Bilindi\u011fi gibi e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kayan ayak buz y\u00fczeyinde iki kenar izi b\u0131rakabilir. Bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1. form\u00fcl d\u00f6rt niceli\u011fi kendi aralar\u0131nda birle\u015ftirir. Bunlardan herbirini \u00f6tekiler sayesinde ifade edebiliriz. B\u00f6ylece kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 2. ve kay\u0131\u015f dairesinin yar\u0131 \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131 da 3. form\u00fclle g\u00f6sterebiliriz: Patenin buza yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn daha detayl\u0131 analizi i\u00e7in di\u011fer bir form\u00fclden daha faydalanabiliriz: \u00d6zellikle 8 tipi zorunlu hareketlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesindeki zorluk, kenar kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ve fig\u00fcr\u00fcn tamam\u0131ndaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerin kalitesinin korunmas\u0131 sebebiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u015eimdi patencinin kayan aya\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fck\u00fclme ve gerilme hareketi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yava\u015flamaya sebep olan etkenlere bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n Kay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki frenleyici g\u00fc\u00e7, hava direncinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvvetinden do\u011far. Yava\u015flama b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle buz ve patenin s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade edilebilir: Kay\u0131\u015ftaki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131, buzun kalitesiyle, buzun so\u011fuklu\u011fuyla, suyun bile\u015fimiyle, paten \u00e7eli\u011finin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddeyle ve olukla da alakal\u0131d\u0131r. Buzun so\u011fuklu\u011fu ne kadar az olursa, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131 o kadar fazla olur. Sert suyla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f buz kay\u0131\u015fa, yumu\u015fak suyla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f buzdan daha \u00e7ok mani olur. \u0130lk olarak kay\u0131\u015f, buzun sertli\u011finden dolay\u0131, ikinci olarak da paten \u00e7eli\u011finin yumu\u015fak buzda daha derine batmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 zorla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n S\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131 iyi bir buzda minimum seviyededir, yani kay\u0131\u015f an\u0131ndaki yava\u015flama daha azd\u0131r. \u00c7elikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f patenlerin buzdaki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131 0,01-0,03 de\u011ferleri aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n Yap\u0131lan deneylerde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki, daire \u00fczerinde \u00f6n-d\u0131\u015f kenar kay\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, her 1\/4 dairede V1=2,2 m\/sn, V2=1,87 m\/sn, V3=1,55 m\/sn, V4=1,34 m\/sn h\u0131zlar\u0131na e\u015fitlenir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi h\u0131z\u0131n azalmas\u0131, d\u00fczg\u00fcn azalma hareketi \u015feklindedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, tecr\u00fcbeli patencilerde, daire \u00fczerindeki normal kay\u0131\u015f an\u0131ndaki yava\u015flama pratik olarak devaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Zor hareketlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda (bracketli sekizler, \u00e7ift \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sekizler ve \u00f6zellikle geri \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sekizler) kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin azalmas\u0131 \u00e7izgisel de\u011fildir. Fig\u00fcr\u00fcn ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131z azalmas\u0131 m\u00fchim bir oranda de\u011fildir. Fakat fig\u00fcr\u00fcn ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda meydana \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flayan h\u0131z azalmas\u0131, \u00e7eli\u011fin buza yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ve kay\u0131\u015f\u0131n paten \u00e7eli\u011fi kenar\u0131ndan paten \u00e7eli\u011fi y\u00fczeyine ge\u00e7mesine yol a\u00e7ar. B\u00f6ylece destek y\u00fczeyi ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvveti fazlala\u015f\u0131r. Zor fig\u00fcrlerde patencinin kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgisel olarak azalmaz ve yava\u015flama e\u015fit bir tempoyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Patenci ne kadar az tecr\u00fcbeliyse, \u00e7izgisel olmama ve fig\u00fcr\u00fcn sonundaki yava\u015flama o kadar \u015fiddetli olur.<\/p>\n Tecr\u00fcbeli patencilerin kay\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki kenar kalitesi sayesinde, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler s\u0131ras\u0131nda buzda kaz\u0131nma meydana gelmez. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n iyi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sayesinde, fig\u00fcr\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131ndan sonuna kadar h\u0131z seviyesindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f \u00e7ok azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Patencinin D\u00f6nme Hareketi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Patencinin daire \u00fczerindeki kay\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki harekeleri hakk\u0131nda daha iyi bir fikir edinebilmek i\u00e7in Resim 2’ye bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. \u015eemada da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi v\u00fccut noktalar\u0131 dairenin merkezinden \u00e7e\u015fitli uzakl\u0131klarda yer almakta ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7izgisel h\u0131z de\u011ferleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu demektir ki daire \u00fczerindeki kay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda patenci dairenin merkezinden ge\u00e7en eksen \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6ner. B\u00f6ylece v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131 (\u03c9<\/strong><\/em>) hesaplamak zor de\u011fildir. Dairenin tamamlanmas\u0131yla birlikte, kayan aya\u011f\u0131n pateni bir tur, yani 360\u00ba’lik bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. B\u00fcy\u00fck fig\u00fcrlerde v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,1 tur\/sn, looplarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,3-0,5 tur\/sn ve esas loopun, yani loop hareketinin kendisinde ise 0,6-0,8 tur\/sn dir.<\/p>\n Zorunlu fig\u00fcrlerde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler ve looplar gibi destekli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketlerinin bir\u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fidine rastlan\u0131r. V\u00fccudun \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131sm\u0131na oranla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi bu hareketlerin temelini olu\u015fturur. Serbest kay\u0131\u015fta ise t\u00fcm v\u00fccudun kendi \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen daha \u00f6zg\u00fcn hareketler mevcuttur. \u00d6yle ki spinler ve spin kombinasyonlar\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 onlarca olup d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 2 tur\/sn’ye kadar var\u0131r.<\/p>\n Jumplar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketlerinde ise desteksiz \u015fartlar (buzla irtibat\u0131n olmamas\u0131) s\u00f6z konusudur ve maksimum h\u0131z 4,5 tur\/sn’ye kadar var\u0131r.<\/p>\n Patencinin uzun ekseni \u00e7evresinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketini mekani\u011fin birka\u00e7 basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f prensibiyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rabiliriz. A\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n de\u011ferini, v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ge\u00e7ti\u011fi zaman aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131yla tespit edebiliriz. E\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z v\u00fccudun b\u00fct\u00fcn noktalar\u0131nda ayn\u0131ysa, \u00e7izgisel h\u0131z her nokta i\u00e7in farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Noktalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131sal ve \u00e7izgisel h\u0131zlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 \u015fu form\u00fclle ifade edilir:<\/p>\n Bu basit ba\u011flant\u0131, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc v\u00fccudun ayn\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda noktalar\u0131n \u00e7izgisel h\u0131zlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu noktalar v\u00fccut eksenine ne kadar uzaktaysalar, \u00e7izgisel h\u0131zlar\u0131 da o kadar fazla olur.<\/p>\n Atalet momenti:<\/strong><\/em> \u0130leriye do\u011fru hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccut ataletinin de\u011feri v\u00fccut k\u00fctlesidir. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketinde \u00f6nemli olan v\u00fccut k\u00fctlesinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.V\u00fccut k\u00fctlesinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ekseninden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u00fccut ataletini fazlala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ise v\u00fccut ataletini azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccut ataletinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc atalet momentidir ve \u015fu form\u00fclle ifade edilir:<\/p>\n V\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri k\u00fctlelerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine olan uzakl\u0131klar\u0131, atalet momenti form\u00fcl\u00fcne ikinci planda dahil edilir. Bu da v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri k\u00fctlelerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine da\u011fl\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, daimi k\u00fctleye sahip v\u00fccudun atalet momentindeki \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n D\u00f6nen v\u00fccudun \u00f6nemli karakteristiklerinden birisi de kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da v\u00fccut hareketi miktar\u0131 momenti olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve K<\/strong><\/em> harfi ile ifade edilir. D\u00f6nen v\u00fccudun hareket miktar\u0131 momentinin hesaplanmas\u0131, eksene oranla v\u00fccudun atalet momentinin ve bu eksen \u00e7evresindeki v\u00fccut d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131yla bulunur:<\/p>\n Hareket miktar\u0131 momentinin korunmas\u0131 kanunu:<\/strong><\/em> D\u00f6nen v\u00fccut, elde etti\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketini veya di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle hareket miktar\u0131 momentini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketindeki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvvetini hesaba katmazsak; p\u00fcrvet esnas\u0131nda, v\u00fccut atalet momenti ve v\u00fccut d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131 de\u011ferleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131dan \u015fu form\u00fcl meydana \u00e7\u0131kar: I.\u03c9 = const. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle; bir \u00e7arpan\u0131n azalmas\u0131, bir di\u011ferinin o oranda b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine yol a\u00e7ar, yani \u00e7arp\u0131mda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaz. \u00d6zellikle bu sebepten dolay\u0131, v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (kapanma) s\u00fcreci (atalet momentinin azalma s\u00fcreci) v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Ayr\u0131ca atalet momentleri v\u00fccudun \u00e7e\u015fitli pozisyonlar\u0131nda incelenerek \u015fu sonu\u00e7lara var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: P\u00fcrvet esnas\u0131nda kollar\u0131n yanda a\u00e7\u0131k pozisyondan g\u00f6\u011fse do\u011fru toplanmas\u0131, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 iki kat, camel spin pozisyonundan p\u00fcrvet pozisyonuna ge\u00e7ilmesi ise d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 kat fazlala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu istatistikler, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccudu etkileyen herhangi bir diren\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne almaz, o y\u00fczden a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anlamda fazlala\u015fmas\u0131 her zaman daha azd\u0131r ve patenle buz aras\u0131ndaki kontakla alakal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla beraber en iyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn buza t\u0131rt\u0131lla dokunmadan ve buzu kaz\u0131madan, paten \u00e7eli\u011finin \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131yla yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f esnas\u0131nda en az diren\u00e7, kayan ayaktaki patenin 3-5 cm’lik looplar \u00e7izmesi halinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f (spin) h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimindeki sebepler:<\/strong><\/em> \u00c7e\u015fitli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketlerinde ve p\u00fcrvetlerde patenci, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli boyutlarda de\u011fi\u015ftirir. H\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fimi, kapanma ve a\u00e7\u0131lma diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7 g\u00fc\u00e7leri, yani insan\u0131n kas g\u00fcc\u00fcnden kaynaklanan aktif hareket g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc gerektirir. Bu kuvvetlerin etki hatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine do\u011fru mu yoksa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ekseninden d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru mu oldu\u011funu anlamak zor de\u011fildir, yani bu kuvvetler d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe i\u015ftirak etmezler. O zaman hangi kuvvetler v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frudan h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131rlar veya yava\u015flat\u0131rlar? Bu kuvvetler Coriolis atalet kuvvetleri diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. Daha kesin s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse bunlar, bu kuvvetlerin momentleridirler. \u015eimdi Coriolis atalet kuvvetlerinin g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u015fekle bir bakal\u0131m, etkilerin y\u00f6nlerini tayin edelim ve bu kuvvetlerin de\u011ferlerini hesaplamak i\u00e7in bir form\u00fcl olu\u015ftural\u0131m (Resim 3).<\/p>\n P\u00fcrvet d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, a\u00e7\u0131lma ve kapanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki tip hareket yer al\u0131r:<\/p>\n 1) V\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Kollar d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine do\u011fru hareket ettikleri zaman, kol b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin \u00e7izgisel h\u0131zlar\u0131 azal\u0131r, yani kapanmada rol oynayan v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri negatif ivme kazan\u0131rlar; di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nelik bir ivme kazan\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7e\u015fitli atalet kuvvetleri her zaman h\u0131zlanman\u0131n ters y\u00f6n\u00fcne do\u011fru y\u00f6nelik olacaklard\u0131r, o zaman Koriolis atalet kuvvetleri de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcne do\u011fru y\u00f6neleceklerdir. Bu kuvvetler v\u00fccudun kapanmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine ili\u015fiktirler, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcne do\u011frudurlar ve v\u00fccudun a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n \u015eu halde v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u00fcresince serbest aya\u011f\u0131n ve kollar\u0131n eksene do\u011fru veya eksenden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 do\u011fru hareket ettirilmesi, kapanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131ran ve a\u00e7\u0131lma s\u0131ras\u0131nda yava\u015flatan Coriolis atalet kuvvetlerini meydana \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. Atalet kuvvetleri, v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131na (\u03c9<\/strong><\/em>), a\u00e7\u0131lma ve kapanma s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin \u00e7izgisel h\u0131zlar\u0131na (V<\/strong><\/em>), yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin k\u00fctlelerine (m<\/strong><\/em>) ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u03c9<\/strong><\/em> ve V<\/strong><\/em> vekt\u00f6rleri aras\u0131ndaki \u03b2<\/strong><\/em> a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sin\u00fcs\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu kuvvetlerin de\u011ferleri \u015fu form\u00fclde toplan\u0131r:<\/p>\n Zorunlu hareketlerdeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerde v\u00fccudun omuz, kol, kafa gibi \u00fcst b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ters hareket olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir hareket ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirler. Bu, esas\u0131nda yukar\u0131da sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z uzuvlar\u0131n kal\u00e7aya oranla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketidir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi sonucunda v\u00fccudun alt k\u0131sm\u0131ysa tam tersi y\u00f6ne do\u011fru d\u00f6nmeye mecbur kal\u0131r. Yeterli amplit\u00fct ve h\u0131z s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccudun \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131sma oranla (paten de dahil olmak \u00fczere) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ters d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f cephesinin de\u011fi\u015fimine yani 180 dereceye yak\u0131n bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n K\u0131sacas\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi mekanizmas\u0131, v\u00fccudun \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131sma oranla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ters d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ften ibarettir.<\/p>\n V\u00fccudun Havadaki Hareketi<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Kinogram analizinin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, iyi yap\u0131lan bir jump (atlama) s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ekseninin hareketi, ileriye do\u011fru harekete yak\u0131n bir harekettir. Yani havadaki bile\u015fik v\u00fccut hareketi, hem d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ekseniyle birlikte ileriye do\u011fru yap\u0131lan hareket, hem de bu eksen etraf\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi olarak incelenebilir (resim 4). Bilindi\u011fi gibi ileriye do\u011fru hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccudun b\u00fct\u00fcn noktalar\u0131, belirli zamanlarda ayn\u0131 vekt\u00f6rlere, h\u0131zlara ve ivmelere sahiptirler. \u00d6yleyse eksenin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi yerine t\u00fcm v\u00fccut noktalar\u0131n\u0131n hareketleri izlenebilir. Bu sayede havadaki s\u00fcre boyunca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ekseninin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi noktas\u0131n\u0131 bulmak kolayla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca \u015funu belirtmekte fayda vard\u0131r ki, bu bile\u015fik hareketin basamaklar\u0131 olan progresif (ileriye do\u011fru) hareket ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 birer ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusudurlar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda iki t\u00fcr hareket de birbirleriyle yak\u0131ndan alakal\u0131d\u0131r ve bir \u00e7evrimin iki basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n V\u00fccudun progresif (ileriye do\u011fru) hareketi:<\/strong><\/em> xy koordinat d\u00fczleminde, belli bir a\u00e7\u0131yla yatay eksene y\u00f6nelen v\u00fccudun merkezka\u00e7 hareketi izd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri, hava \u015fartlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmadan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki denklemde form\u00fclize edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n Form\u00fcl g\u00f6stermektedir ki; y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin formu ve devam\u0131nda hem maksimum y\u00fckseklik hem de atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu, sadece v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011ferlerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferler \u015funlard\u0131r: S\u00fcrekli serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ivmesi durumunda u\u00e7u\u015fun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 h\u0131z\u0131 ve u\u00e7u\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylelikle desteksiz hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda (havadaki hareket), v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin y\u00f6r\u00fcnge hareketinin sadece ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011ferlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve bu hareketin s\u00fcrekli olarak parabolik oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir el, kol, bacak vb. hareketleriyle veya bunlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131yla, u\u00e7u\u015f halindeki v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi hareketinin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi kesinlikle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemelidir.<\/p>\n Buradan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir pratik sonuca var\u0131yoruz: Desteksiz \u015fartlarda (havadaki hareket), v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin hareket \u015fekli tamamen u\u00e7u\u015fun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011ferleriyle belirlenir.<\/p>\n Resim 5’te v\u00fccudun ikili Lutz hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi y\u00f6r\u00fcnge hareketi grafiksel olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi iti\u015f hareketinden sonra u\u00e7u\u015fun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi yatay h\u0131z\u0131 4,58 m\/sn’ye ve iti\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen dikey h\u0131z 3,21 m\/sn’ye e\u015fittir. Bu da v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek noktan\u0131n 0,525 m olmas\u0131 demektir. U\u00e7u\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 bu harekette 35\u00ba olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Desteksiz \u015fartlarda devaml\u0131 yatay h\u0131z 4,58 m\/sn olup, patenci 2,86 m’yi 0,626 sn’de ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda dikey h\u0131z u\u00e7u\u015fun en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131na kadar 3,21 m\/sn’den s\u0131f\u0131ra d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda tekrar 3,21 m\/sn’ye y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u015eunu bilmekte de fayda vard\u0131r ki havaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015ftan \u00f6nce patencinin yatay h\u0131z\u0131 6,45 m\/sn idi, fakat iti\u015f \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan durdurma hareketi (t\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131n buza tak\u0131lmas\u0131) sonucunda mevcut yatay h\u0131z 4,58 m\/sn’ye e\u015fitlenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece iti\u015f neticesinde yatay h\u0131z kayb\u0131 1,87 m\/sn olmu\u015ftur. Bu tip kay\u0131plar ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda da meydana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccudun yatay h\u0131z\u0131 4,58 m\/sn iken ini\u015f sonras\u0131 kay\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 3,75 m\/sn’ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sonu\u00e7 olarak ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki mevcut yatayh\u0131z kayb\u0131 0,83 m\/sn olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130ti\u015f ve ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki h\u0131z kayb\u0131 toplam 2,7 m\/sn olarak hesaplan\u0131r, bu da atlay\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncesi kazan\u0131lan h\u0131z\u0131n %41,86’s\u0131 demektir.<\/p>\n V\u00fccudun havadaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi:<\/strong><\/em> V\u00fccudun havadaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi, kaliteli ve temiz bir atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynar. V\u00fccudun u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki eksik veya fazla d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ini\u015fi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. U\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki v\u00fccudun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi analizini yapmak i\u00e7in hareket miktar\u0131 momentlerinin korunmas\u0131 kanunundan faydalan\u0131labilir. Patenci u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda kapan\u0131\u015f ve a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan iki tip hareket ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Bu hareketler, v\u00fccut uzuvlar\u0131n\u0131n (el, kol, bacak v.b.) belirli bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlendirilmesiyle, v\u00fccudun atalet momentini de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frat\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Resim 6’da, 2,5 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fimleri grafiksel olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. 1.,2. ve 3. noktalar kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifade eder, 4. nokta kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131n en belirgin oldu\u011fu noktad\u0131r, 5.,6.,7. ve 8. noktalar ise a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifade eder. U\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi incelenirken, hareket miktar\u0131 momentlerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi parametrelerini nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi \u00e7ok iyi incelenmelidir. V\u00fccudun sahip oldu\u011fu hareket miktar\u0131 momenti ne kadar fazlaysa veya di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, iti\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda patencinin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi miktar\u0131 ne kadar fazlaysa, kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131k derecesi ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131 daha fazla olur. Jumplardaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 de\u011ferleri g\u00f6stermektedir ki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f adedinin fazlala\u015fmas\u0131, v\u00fccudun buz \u00fczerinden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131sal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ilk h\u0131z\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kili jumplarda bu 1-1,5 tur\/sn, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc jumplarda ise 2 tur\/sn ve daha fazlas\u0131na ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu da demektir ki havaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f adedi art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n V\u00fccudun buz y\u00fczeyinden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131 (havaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f) s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z art\u0131\u015f\u0131 iti\u015fte ve iti\u015fe i\u015ftirak eden yard\u0131mc\u0131 hareketlerdeki (\u00fc\u00e7ler, vs.) v\u00fccut d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla meydana gelir. A\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011ferinin art\u0131\u015f\u0131, v\u00fccut d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yerde yani ini\u015fte ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta yap\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6rne\u011fin ikili bir jump yapan herhangi bir patenci havada (desteksiz \u015fartlarda)\u00a0 1,4 tur (550\u00ba), yerde ise (destekli \u015fartlarda) 0,6 tur (220\u00ba) d\u00f6ner. Bu 0,6 turun yani 220\u00ba’nin 160\u00ba’si havaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 60\u00ba’si ise ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc bir jumpa bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, desteksiz \u015fartlarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,25 tur d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kalan 1\/4 tur \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ve ini\u015f aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu da demektir ki 180\u00ba havaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta, 90\u00ba ise ini\u015fte d\u00f6n\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ve daha s\u0131k\u0131 bir kapanmayla maksimum h\u0131z kazan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc jumplarda bu 4-4,5 tur\/sn, \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk ve d\u00f6rt turlu jumplarda ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 tur\/sn’ye varmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z de\u011ferinin maksimum seviyeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. \u00c7ok d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir jump yapmaya haz\u0131rlanan bir patenci maksimum d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131na m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar erken ula\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi \u00fc\u00e7, \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk ve d\u00f6rt turlu jump yapan sporcular\u0131, maksimum h\u0131za u\u00e7u\u015fun ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ula\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu durum, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ortalama a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na ve daha da \u00e7ok d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir atlaman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesine imkan sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n Paten ve Buzun Birbirleri \u00dczerindeki Etkileri<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Paten ve buzun birbirleri \u00fczerindeki etkileri \u00fc\u00e7 ana fakt\u00f6rden meydana gelir: S\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvveti, yer\u00e7ekimi vekt\u00f6rlerinin kayan aya\u011fa g\u00f6re durumlar\u0131 ve iti\u015f aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n esneme ve gerilme hareketleri. Paten ve buzun aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131, patencinin hareketlerindeki istikrar\u0131n ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fu nokta ise \u00e7ok d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc jumplardaki havaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f an\u0131d\u0131r. Burada buz ve paten aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvvetini \u00f6nemli oranda artt\u0131ran frenleme hareketiyle (stoper), \u00e7ekim kuvveti hatlar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fe yak\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi v\u00fccudun dikey pozisyonuyla ve ayn\u0131 zamanda destek reaksiyonunu \u00f6nemli oranda artt\u0131ran ve stoper hareketini belirginle\u015ftiren kal\u00e7a, diz ve bilek ekleminin aktif gerilmesiyle sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130ti\u015f s\u00fcreci boyunca ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen buz ve paten aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki ayn\u0131 zamanda kollar, bacaklar ve omurgayla yap\u0131lan ileriye do\u011fru atlama hareketlerine de \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hareketler destek reaksiyonu de\u011ferlerine de tesir ederler ve ilk \u00f6nce iti\u015f aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n esneme ve gerilme hareketi olmak \u00fczere iti\u015fteki di\u011fer hareketlere de uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. \u0130leriye do\u011fru atlama hareketleri (savurma hareketleri) e\u011fer iti\u015f aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktif gerginle\u015fmenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ek olarak y\u00fckl\u00fcyorsa ve iti\u015f sonunda onun \u00fczerindeki y\u00fck\u00fc azalt\u0131yorsa uygun olarak say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Pratikte paten ve buz aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin istenilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rahat olmas\u0131, sporcular taraf\u0131ndan iti\u015f rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak hissedilir. \u00d6zellikle jump\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini, v\u00fccudun u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki ilk d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini t\u00fcm jump\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine pozitif y\u00f6nden tesir eden do\u011fru bir iti\u015fin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Amortizasyon s\u00fcr\u015farj\u0131:<\/strong><\/em> Esneme an\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yaylanma hareketi \u00fczerine binen ek y\u00fck olarak tabir edebilece\u011fimiz amortizasyon s\u00fcr\u015farj\u0131 (FAM<\/strong><\/em>) ini\u015fin ilk anlar\u0131nda patencinin v\u00fccuduna etki eden bir kuvvettir. Bu kuvvet patencinin ini\u015fe ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sahip oldu\u011fu kinetik enerji (hareket enerjisi) sonucunda meydana \u00e7\u0131kar. Amortizasyon evresinin sonunda hareketlerin kinetik enerji de\u011ferleri dikeyde s\u0131f\u0131ra e\u015fittir, yani v\u00fccudun mevcut dikey h\u0131z\u0131 (VV<\/strong><\/em>) s\u0131f\u0131ra kadar azal\u0131r. U\u00e7u\u015fun mevcut dikey h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n azalma s\u00fcreci, patencinin desteksel hareket mekanizmas\u0131nda meydana gelen ek y\u00fcklemeyle ayn\u0131 zamanda olur. Amortizasyon s\u00fcr\u015farj\u0131 ortalama de\u011feri \u015fu form\u00fclde yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ifade edilebilir:<\/p>\n Denklemin analizi FAM<\/strong><\/em> i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir pratik sonuca varmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor: \u0394y<\/strong><\/em>‘nin artmas\u0131, amortizasyon s\u00fcr\u015farj\u0131 de\u011ferinin azalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden amortizasyon yolunu uzatan ve b\u00f6ylelikle amortizasyon s\u00fcr\u015farj\u0131 de\u011ferini azaltan, parmak ucuna yap\u0131lan ini\u015fler daima tercih edilmelidir.<\/p>\n \u0130ni\u015f sonras\u0131 kay\u0131\u015f esnas\u0131nda v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi patenin \u00e7izgisine paralel olarak veya di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle paralele yak\u0131n bir y\u00f6nde hareket eder (resim 7). Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi ve destek aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pateni ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndedir. R yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 ini\u015f dairesinde, v\u00fccudun ini\u015f \u00f6ncesi durumu parametreleri ve ini\u015fteki kay\u0131\u015f parametreleri aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurabiliriz:<\/p>\n
\nSpinlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda patenci, kaslar\u0131n\u0131 kasarak ve gev\u015feterek, v\u00fccudunun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini spin merkezine yakla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve spin merkezinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak suretiyle kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketine hakim olmal\u0131d\u0131r Jumplarda ise iti\u015f hareketleri \u00f6yle bir yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ki kay\u0131\u015f enerjisi uzun eksen \u00e7evresine yay\u0131larak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn ve v\u00fccudu hem ileri hem de yukar\u0131 do\u011fru bir hareket i\u00e7erisine soksun.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.cenkertaul.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/resim1.jpg\" "\\"Resim")
<\/a><\/a>\u03c1<\/strong><\/em> – Buz \u00fczerindeki e\u011fik izin (dairenin) yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131<\/p>\n<\/a>Kay\u0131\u015f tekni\u011finin \u00f6\u011fretilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, buz ve patenin birbirleri \u00fczerindeki etkilerini g\u00f6steren kuvvetlerin bilinmesinde fayda vard\u0131r. Kayan aya\u011f\u0131n buza yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise \u015fu form\u00fclle g\u00f6sterilir:<\/p>\n<\/a>A\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kosin\u00fcs\u00fc her zaman birden azd\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece 4. form\u00fclden \u015fu sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir: Daire \u00fczerinde kay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki dinamik denge durumunda, patenin buza yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7, patencinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan fazla; d\u00fcz \u00e7izgide kay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise patencinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n<\/a>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi buza yap\u0131lan bas\u0131n\u00e7, patencinin v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, h\u0131z\u0131n karesine, kay\u0131\u015f dairesinin yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131na ve patencinin v\u00fccut ekseninin e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sin\u00fcs\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7, patencinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla fazlala\u015f\u0131r ve dairenin yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n ve v\u00fccut ekseninin e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/a>Tek ayak kay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki yava\u015flama, buza yap\u0131lan bas\u0131n\u00e7la ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131, v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ise ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda \u015fu form\u00fcl\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 daha uygun olur: <\/a>oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden sonra \u015fu form\u00fcl\u00fc buluyoruz:<\/a>Pratikte cos\u03b1<\/strong><\/em> de\u011feri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir oranda de\u011fi\u015fir, ama \u00e7ekim kuvveti yer\u00e7ekimi ivmesi g<\/em><\/strong>, o an bulunulan yer i\u00e7in sabittir. Bu da demektir ki yava\u015flama, kayan ayaktaki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme katsay\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden meydana gelir.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/a>A\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z sadece b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerle de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda uzaydaki y\u00f6nle de nitelenir. Yani d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn saat y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tersine \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tarafa do\u011fru uzun eksene y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir vekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. A\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z, birka\u00e7 tur s\u00fcresince \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen ortalama a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z ve anl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z (anl\u0131k d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131) olmak \u00fczere iki \u00e7e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n<\/a>(R = Noktalar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131.)<\/p>\n<\/a>(mi = v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin k\u00fctlesi, ri = v\u00fccut k\u00fctlesinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f eksenine uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n<\/a>Hareket miktar\u0131 momenti, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir niteliktir.<\/p>\n<\/a>
\n2) Yar\u0131\u00e7ap boyunca serbest aya\u011f\u0131n ve kollar\u0131n eksene do\u011fru hareketleri veya tam tersi.<\/p>\n<\/a>D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketleri mekani\u011finin temel prensiplerinden faydalanarak zorunlu hareketlerin tekni\u011fi hakk\u0131nda baz\u0131 detaylar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturan sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f tekni\u011finin \u00f6\u011fretilmesindeki en \u00f6nemli sorun, kay\u0131\u015f cephesinin de\u011fi\u015fimine yol a\u00e7an nedenlerin analizidir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi v\u00fccudun herhangi bir uzvunun bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, v\u00fccudun di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin ters y\u00f6ne do\u011fru d\u00f6nmesine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/a>a0<\/strong><\/em> = u\u00e7u\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, V0<\/strong><\/em> = u\u00e7u\u015fun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 h\u0131z\u0131, g<\/em> = serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f yer\u00e7ekimi ivmesi.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/a>
\nGrafik, v\u00fccut uzuvlar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131n, u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. E\u011fri \u00e7izgiden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, v\u00fccut d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeki a\u00e7\u0131sal h\u0131z\u0131n esas artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta, kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131n en s\u0131k\u0131 (\u015fiddetli) oldu\u011fu ana yak\u0131n bir zamanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
\nO halde patencinin havadaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, iti\u015f ve kapanma-a\u00e7\u0131lma hareketleriyle kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kinetik momente ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/a>m<\/strong><\/em> – patencinin v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, VV – v\u00fccudun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin ini\u015f \u00f6ncesindeki mevcut dikey h\u0131z\u0131
\n\u0394y – amortizasyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccudun yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren vertikal a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi<\/p>\n<\/a>